Marie Antoinette, Queen Executed in French Revolution

Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-Lothringen; November 2,  1755–October 16,  1793) was the queen of France, executed by guillotine during the French Revolution. She is most known for supposedly saying Let them eat cake, although the French quote translates more precisely as, Let them eat brioche, and there is no proof that she said this. She was reviled by the French public for her lavish spending. Until her death, she  supported the monarchy against reforms and against the French Revolution. Fast Facts: Marie Antoinette Known For:  As the queen of Louis XVI, she was executed during the French Revolution. She is often quoted as saying, Let them eat cake (there is no proof of this statement).Also Known As:  Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-LothringenBorn:  November 2, 1755  in Vienna (now in Austria)Parents: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria TheresaDied:  October 16, 1793 in Paris, FranceEducation: Private palace tutors  Spouse: King Louis XVI of FranceChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I am calm, as people are whose consciences are clear. Early Life and Marriage to Louis XVI Marie Antoinette was born in Austria, the 15th of 16 children born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. She was born on the same day as the famous earthquake of Lisbon. From birth, she lived the life of wealthy royalty, educated by private tutors in music and languages. As with most royal daughters, Marie Antoinette was promised in marriage in order to build a diplomatic alliance between her birth family and the family of her husband. Her sister Maria Carolina was married to Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, for similar reasons. In 1770 at age 14, Marie Antoinette married the French dauphin Louis, grandson of Louis XV of France. He ascended the throne in 1774 as Louis XVI. Life as Queen Marie Antoinette was welcomed in France at first. Her charisma and lightness contrasted with the withdrawn and uninspiring personality of her husband. After her mother died in 1780, she became more extravagant, which led to growing resentment. The French were also suspicious of her ties to Austria and her influence on King Louis XVI in attempting to foster policies friendly to Austria. Marie Antoinette, formerly welcomed, became vilified for her spending habits and her opposition to reforms. The 1785–1786 Affair of the Diamond Necklace further discredited her and reflected poorly on the monarchy. In this scandal, she was accused of having an affair with a cardinal in order to obtain a costly diamond necklace. After an initial slow start at the expected role of child-bearer—her husband apparently had to be coached in his role in this—Marie Antoinette gave birth to her first child, a daughter, in 1778, and sons in 1781 and 1785. By most accounts, she was a devoted mother.  Paintings of the family stressed her domestic role. Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution After the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789, the queen urged the king to resist the Assemblys reforms, making her even more unpopular and leading to the unproven attribution to her of the remark, Quils mangent de la brioche!— often translated as Let them eat cake! The phrase was actually first seen in print in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Confessions, written before Marie Antoinette was queen. In October 1789, the royal couple was forced to move from Versailles to Paris. Two years later, the attempted escape of the royal couple from Paris was stopped at Varennes on October 21, 1791. This failed escape was reportedly planned by Marie Antoinette. Imprisoned with the king, Marie Antoinette continued to plot. She hoped for foreign intervention to end the revolution and free the royal family. She urged her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, to intervene, and she supported a French declaration of war against Austria in April 1792, which she hoped would result in the defeat of France. Her unpopularity helped lead to the overthrow of the monarchy when Parisians stormed the Tuileries Palace on August 10, 1792, followed by the establishment of the First French Republic in September. The family was imprisoned in the Temple on August 13, 1792, and moved to the Conciergerie on August 1, 1793. The family made several attempts to escape, but all failed. Death Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, and Marie Antoinette was executed by the guillotine on October 16 of that year. She was charged with aiding the enemy and inciting civil war. Legacy The role Marie Antoinette played in French governmental affairs, both domestic and foreign, was likely greatly exaggerated. She was particularly disappointing to her brother, the Holy Roman Emperor, for her inability to further Austrian interests in France. Her lavish spending, furthermore, did not significantly contribute to Frances economic troubles before the revolution. Marie Antoinette, however, remains an enduring symbol, around the world and across history, of the extravagance of monarchy and aristocracy—against which revolutionaries define their ideals. Sources Castelot, Andrà ©. Queen of France: A Biography of Marie Antoinette. Harper Collins, 1957.Fraser, Antonia.  Marie Antoinette: The Journey. Anchor Books, 2001.Thomas, Chantal The Wicked Queen: The Origins of the Myth of Marie-Antoinette. Zone Books, 1999.

Plastic Defining The Causes Of The Current Plastic...

Pretty in Plastic: Defining The Causes of The Current Plastic Surgery Epidemic There are many reasons why someone may want to change his or her physical appearance, and many of these reasons are out of people s control. Cosmetic practices and plastic surgery have become more pervasive in modern day society. Plastic surgery is defined as any cosmetic procedure that allows one to reconstruct his or her physical appearance. Although plastic surgery has some benefits, such as the ability to reconstruct genetic deformities that one has no control over, many of the people who undergo plastic surgery do it for non-essential reasons. Plastic surgery can authentic an individual s goals for beauty if it is necessary, and as long as the individual has higher self-confidence and a higher sense of self. Though this is typically not the case, many of these reasons range from different media and cultural along with societal influences, to an insufficient sense of self, and paired with certain psychological disorders. They opt in favor of cosmetic procedures for a variety of d ifferent reasons, characteristically not the right ones, which leaves room for different risks and drawbacks. Plastic surgery, Hollywood, and celebrities often come hand in hand. Fabricated images of beauty are seen everywhere in the media. What is not seen is the extensive amount of work this ideal image often has behind it; there is frequently a process that takes place. Aesthetic practices that make someone lookShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Impact On The 21st Century Society2088 Words   |  9 Pagestodays emerging adults are fundamentally selfish as a consequence of overindulgent behaviour or the influence of a surge in social media, therefore posing a danger to society and to their own futures. 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Law and Legal Instrumentalism Free Essays

Law, a set of coherent rules and values within a society, is a human process. As such, it is crucial to approach its application within society in a pragmatic and realistic sense rather than a formal one, which views law as a set of mechanical and abstract principles. A legal realist approach on law takes into account extra-legal factors which help shape how law is used within a social context. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Legal Instrumentalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This approach does not view the discipline of law as a literal set of principles to be formally detected and applied, but recognizes that the interpretation of law by legal actors is manipulated by situational factors. BrianTamanaha in Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law examines how law, originally understood as an â€Å"instrumental to serve the social good†, is now just a mere instrument to further the goals and agendas of those who have access in its use (Tamanaha, 4). In essence, the notion of a common â€Å"social good† is no longer a qualifiable condition of law. In a complex, multi-faceted society, it is optimistic to presume that there is a true identifiable social good. Thus, lawyers, legislatures, judges and other legal actors are capable of using law to further their personal or collective political, social and economic interests. Tamanaha examines the ways in which legal actors, specifically cause litigants and judges, instrumentally exercise law. Thus, the term instrumentalism, a form of legal realism, is a pragmatic method which stems away from a formal application of law by critically examining cause litigation and judicial activism. Although law may be used as a mechanism to achieve a certain outcome, it is not used lawlessly and without merit as lawyers are advocating for a broad social cause and judges use law based on the merits of the constitution, given the benefit of time and postulated reason of their decision making. Brown, a case regarding segregation within the United States emerged with lawyers stirring up lawsuits by informing African American citizens of their legal rights (Tamanaha 159). The process of instigating litigation was previously prohibited in common law practice; it was not professionally ethical for lawyers to set lawsuits in motion. However, it became increasingly common for lawyers to achieve change in public policy and legislation by fighting for a specific cause within the judicial arena. This ethod was forward-looking in that the courts became a battle field for interest groups seeking remedial change; the decision of the law was not necessarily to compensate for any harm inflicted in the past, but to change the policy in the future. This expansion from the traditional bilateral litigation no longer was to award the affected parties with compensation, but became a method to attain a reformative decree (Tamanaha 161). Eventually, cause litigation was an encouraged means to a dvance societal goals, in the sectors of environment protection, political reform and mental health, to name a few (Tamanaha 160). Although such issues of public policy appear to benefit society as a whole, the intent of the cause lawyers who instigate such legal actions is questionable to Tamanaha. The lawyers in these situations are no longer amoral technicians of law, but individuals who seek their own ideological implementation (Tamanaha 156). The cause which lawyers strive towards becomes the primary concern, whereas the clients themselves are secondary, fulfilling the standing requirement before the court (Tamanaha 156). This can be very detrimental to the clients because they may not be aware of the consequences of their legal actions. For instance, Baehr v. Lewin, 1993 was a successful lawsuit brought forth to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii. Although the litigants won, the ultimate consequence was detrimental; following it was a series of amendments nation-wide which prohibited same-sex marriage (Tamanaha 167). The battlefield within the court became not a place to determine legal rights, but a remedial catalyst in public policy. Such political battles focus on adversarial ideologies rather than legal rules and merit. However, the work of cause litigants cannot be narrowly categorized as one that is purely self-serving. More often than not, cause lawyers instigate lawsuits by informing the oppressed and disadvantaged of their rights. By doing so, they use law to encourage political change to the otherwise uninformed public. These causes often grow to become social movements as it â€Å"provides the basis for a sustained series of interactions between power holders and persons successfully claiming to speak on behalf of a constituency lacking formal representation (Austin 2)†. This formal epresentation demands change from the power holders with a strong backing of social support. Often, these groups lack the resources and skills which lawyers can provide, offering their advice to enlighten the marginalized group to â€Å"initiate and nurture political mobilization† (Austin 4). The instrumental use of law by judges is immensely threatening to the judicial system and to a democratic soc iety as a whole. Judges who use law to achieve a certain outcome undermines the rule of law. The legal system requires that judges be objective arbitrators of the law. As independent bodies, it is essential that they remain impartial in their decision making and delegate based on rule, and not personal preferences (Tamanaha 227). This is a crucial aspect of the rule of law, which binds the action of the state to pre-fixed rules, placing judges equal under and before the law, just as all other subjects of society. The rule of law ensures transparency and predictability which prevents the government from ruling coercively. It is an essential component to a democratic state. However, when judges decide a cases, they may be inclined to achieve a particular result. In essence, they are using laws to achieving another end, namely one that strengthens their own ideological beliefs and interests. Whether it is a certain political philosophy or a particular social policy which they seek, arbitrarily decided cases and manipulated law enforcement defeats the characteristics of the judicial branch of the state. Because there is no particular hierarchy of values, judges are able to promote some while extinguishing others. The general terms of legal rules allows judges to focus on the consequences of their decision. Their decisions will naturally be based on their political affiliations or ideological tendencies. Consequently, it is difficult to believe that judges are truly impartial in decision making. The result of judicial activism is that private attitudes become public law (Tamanaha 234). Furthermore, the procedural process of the case takes a backwards approach; the decision is made first, then it is justified by the legal rules which judges find applicable (Tamanaha 236) Nevertheless, there is a certain form of procedure which judges are bound to. Although values are not ranked hierarchically, there are two forms of rights obtained from the constitution: specified rights and secondary rights (Bork 17). The latter is of utmost importance as it addresses the values held by the constitution, such as the right to vote or procedures in criminal processing, all which the courts need to protect (Bork 17). The former alludes to the principled rules which the original framers of the text intended to convey (Bork 17). Because constitutional law does not have a concrete theoretical premise on which adjudicators are required to base their decision making processes on, they are founded on neutral principles. That is, issues are addressed based on general principles postulated on reason to ensure that conflicting values are not lawlessly chosen over one another (Bork 2). Granted, there are adversaries in the legal principles to which judges ascribe. Therefore, it is critical for the judges to recognize that in deciding cases, they are setting legal precedent, and therefore should have a firm belief that the values being applied are done so lawfully. These beliefs are in relation to the legal system as a whole, not their personal preferences (Bork 2). Ultimately, Bork’s concern lies not with the decisions made by judges but what makes their decisions legitimate. The courts essentially work as advocates for the minority who otherwise would have no say on the issue at hand. Helping the powerless realize their rights is a form of advocacy that judges take. It is not about undermining the rule of law, but giving opportunity to access the law (Bork 3). Nevertheless, it is crucial for judges to base their decisions off of neutral principles; just as principles and values cannot be applied lawlessly, they just the same cannot be defined lawlessly (Bork 8). The critical examination of judicial review goes beyond it’s obvious implications and expositions of undermining the rule of rule. It is unfair to presume that judges are completely unreasoned in their decision making. There is a level of predictability as judges are bound to legal precedent and cannot decide cases in an tyrannical manner. Although the courts are not elected officials who are granted the power to delegitimize legislation, they are in many ways better equipped in making such decisions. For instance, the courts are distanced from political or social pressure allows them to make sound decisions in a timely matter. Elected officials tend to act on expediency and pressure when it comes to making value-based decisions (Bickel 25). Essentially, they are inclined towards one side of the issue in order to appeal to the interest of the predominate voters, as opposed to abiding to the fundamental values of law (Bickel 25). Judges on the other hand make decisions far from societal pressures, with more leeway in terms of time. This gives the courts the ability to make more calculated decisions, taking into consideration not only the fundamental values of the state but also the unforeseen implications of a decision. (Bickel 26) In dealing with the pith and substance of a case, decisions are argued to be â€Å"sober second thoughts† (Bickel 26). Ultimately, the use of law within a judicial context by judges and lawyers is not an arbitrarily unfair process. Such legal actors are bound to the values of the laws within society. Such values are premised on the rule of law, the foundational concept of a democratic society. Cause litigants are often involved in social issues and advocate for those who require a formal delegate. These cause lawyers may use law in such a way to achieve a certain outcome, but this outcome results in change in public policy to those who are otherwise be unaware of their legal rights. Moreover, although judges may have their own social desires and political preferences, they cannot easily sway towards them. Their professional duty requires them to be consciously rule-bound and rely on the precedent. Further, the basis of their decision is on neutral principles. Such principles are not vague and abstract, but stem from the precedent of previous judges in common law. Instrumentalism is pragmatic in that it recognizes that law is not a math; there is not a formula which judges rely on. However, social movements and changes through the judiciary ensures that fresh insight is continuously brought about within society, giving room for social change and progress. How to cite Law and Legal Instrumentalism, Essays

Strategic direction free essay sample

The change process encompasses all activities aimed at helping the organization to successfully adopt new attitudes, new technologies and new ways of doing business . Effective change management enables the transformation of strategy, processes , technology and people to refocus the organization to achieve its objectives, maximize performance and ensure continuous improvement in an environment of ever-changing business . Forces for and against change . New technology competition Forecasts of supervisors FORCES TO KEEP THE INITIAL STATE: Complacency of group members Fear of change Well-learned skills Organizational Change It is defined as : the ability to adapt to different organizations transformations suffered by the average internal or external environment through learning . Another definition is: the set of structural changes suffered by organizations and that result in a new organizational behavior. The changes are caused by the interaction of forces , these are classified as: †¢ Internal : those that come from within the organization , from the analysis of organizational behavior and are presented as alternative solutions , representing equilibrium conditions, creating the need for structural change order; example of which is the technological upgrades , change of methodological strategies , policy changes , etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic direction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page External : those that come from outside the organization , creating the need for changes in internal order, are examples of this force : Government regulations , quality standards , limitations in physical and economic environment. Models of Organizational Change Regarding change models , ie , processes or procedures by which the changes are put into practice , there are various classifications Moreno ( 2007) , outlines three models of change , Change Model Lewis Model of change Models systematic change Organizational Development , among others. Kurt Lewin, considered one of the pioneers in the development of models of organizational change, which laid the foundation for many years has supported research and action systems in the field, makes the three-step model ( Sandoval, 2011) Process of change model Kurt Lewin Change model Lewis Defrost , change movement refreeze For Lewin thaw the term refers to the time at which or the persons or organizations are convinced the change and decide to enter the transformation process. Therefore, the results from evaluating defrost settings the company to the current environment and preparing for the future, which will establish the diagnosis change. As mentioned Sandoval (2011 ) Grourad , Meston and Schein (1996 ) can be divided into three sub-phases defrost : breakdown , anxiety and security. The purpose of the change or movement as proposed by Lewin model is to guide the organization towards the desired state .. The passage mentions refreeze Lewin is the institutionalization of the changes so that all people know them, meet them and take in their daily activity. Instilling a sense of urgency . Talk about the importance of knowing in advance the motivation that led the company to make the change, Create the guiding coalition . a large number of people , eliminate key obstacles, generate short -term wins, lead and manage dozens of change projects and new approaches rooted in the culture of the organization, which requires a strong guiding coalition that has the suitable trust and shared purpose (Moreno 2007). Developing a strategic vision. For Kotter Vision refers to a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit about why people should strive to create that future reviews. Communicate the change vision . Those leading change must find the best communication strategies to facilitate their transition. Barriers Blocking . Attack four major obstacles : the structures , skills , systems and supervisors Short-term gains , whose objectives are to provide evidence that the sacrifices are appreciated , reward change agents Support change. What is going to be implanted with achieving strong links and look ahead to keep getting achievements Embed new approaches to culture. According to Kotter only change when filtered prevails in organizational corporate culture , culture is powerful for three main reasons: individuals carefully selected , because states through the actions of hundreds or thousands of people , and because all this happens without a conscious intention and therefore difficult to challenge or even discuss the fact . Exchange Structure . : Reorder your internal systems . Changes in technology Changes in people Changing the organizational culture Change of structure : Reorder internal systems Classic Organizational Design : responsibilities , divisions, lines Performance . Decentralization : smaller organizational units , structures and technologies Adaptation Amendment of workflow and specialties Grouping function meeting people different Technological change : †¢ Change equipment : tools, equipment, process engineering , production techniques , etc. . †¢ Automation and computerization Diagnosis Engineering work Rotation of jobs Extension of work Enrichment Task Change in people At first it is only an intellectual understanding , a concept incorporated in the mind. But sometimes requires long long time for this new knowledge to penetrate the emotions and heart . While intellectual understanding is crucial , the change can only be completed when and what is understood by intellectual means is captured emotionally and begins to penetrate ever deeper into the psyche. And to take this step , it is very common to see that when someone exceeds an affective blockade discover that behind him others are hidden . Cultural Change †¢ Organizational culture : shared meanings among members of an organization that dictates how they should behave . Cultural Analysis Threatened Survival New Leadership Reorganization New story and ritual Change selection processes , and systems evaluation socialization Causes of Resistance to Change Uncertainty about the wedges and effects of change, fear of losing something currently aware of weaknesses in the proposed changes has Techniques for reducing resistance to change 1. Education and communication Two . Participation and active intervention Three . Facilitation and support ( counseling , therapy, new skills training , leave of absence , early retirement ) April . Negotiation . Handling covert attempts to influence others (change the facts , create false rumors 6 . Coercion Change management : 1. Diagnosis of the situation a. Formulation of the problem b . Getting information c . Analysis of information d . Derivation of suggestion Two . Selection rate Three . Strategy to use a. facilitators b . informative c . attitudinal d . policies conclusion Organizational change is a signature required in our times required for the new globalizing world scheme ; companies have been facing for some time to situations that we would never have imagined ago. The disadvantages of this new model are for developing countries like ours ; is difficult to compete with the economies of the first world, where deprives a different culture and more attached to the current economic requirements ; who are leading companies are now required to prepare more and better to do battle in the war of survival; is a priority awareness regarding the need for change in organizations, a shift that points to the fundamental axis : human capital. It is important to adopt our philosophy considering that the only thing that should remain unchanged in the universe is change.

The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay Essay Example

The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay Essay A thesis presented on the history of wind as compared to classical music and the effects on instrumentalists. get downing with the birth of wind. and covering the 20th century. Berliner ( 1994 ) impresses upon the thought that wind music is more of import to a musician’s development and an individual’s mental wellness than classical music. It is this author’s sentiment that Jazz is superior over classical music because wind music is frequently soft. smooth. and brooding. In add-on. the universe of wind has some fantastic creative persons who can both play and compose wind music so extraordinary that it will do music lovers melt similar ice as the emphasis washes off. Jazz allows people to shut their eyes. relax. mediate. and dream about their loved 1s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is the best for mediation intents because it provides people with softness. composure. psyche. and phantasy. The freedom found in wind represents the freedom inside of all Americans. Jazz itself is a success narrative told through its ain innovation. True wind instrumentalists play the music that they do as a necessity to themselves. Their music is their diary. and their journal is more pure than words can state. Jazz is America’s great part to the humanistic disciplines. It is thrilling. tickle pinking. and challenging music that stirs emotions of all sorts. Jazz is in the head. bosom. and in the psyche. Its influence extends worldwide. and touches all related signifiers of music. It is an enriching art signifier that deserves a particular topographic point in our vivacious civilization. III In the universe of wind. immature performing artists must get the hang a repertory of chord patterned advances. off-beats. and harmoniousnesss so that they can number on them as constructions around which and through which they might weave more charming fluctuations. Wind participants use chord alterations as a agency of giving form to melodic improvisation. Classical participants simply read lead sheets or book agreements and utilize rigorous chord symbols in a much more inactive manner. â€Å"Classical music is simple for its rhythmic form and simplistic chords while jazz’ chords are complex† Cook ( p. 17 ) . Many may reason that classical music is a more built-in portion of development. but a gifted classical composer will in fact draw on stylistic elements of wind to enrich the classical tradition of symphonic music. Classical composers have systematically been doing usage of two elements of wind over the old ages which are syncope and harmoniousness characterized by bluish notes. â€Å"Indeed. even seemingly knowing classical instrumentalists frequently sound baffled and diffident about the kernel of wind music. † Carr ( p. 174 ) . Some of the most complete instrumentalists of our clip have devoted themselves to a life-long survey of wind music. and few classical instrumentalists have been able to get the hang wind. Jazz music ran parallel to the development of the 20th century classical manner music. Those instrumentalists that learn both types of music are non locked into one type of subject. and will hold more musical experiences. â€Å"We are the musical thaw pot accomplishing a vision of unifying civilizations that fulfilled the image that America had of its ain societal fate. † Gioia ( P. 395 ) . As a consequence of this construct. wind composers began to go to symphonic music concerts. and later wind and classical manners began to overlap to a grade ; which resulted in an art signifier now referred to as wind merger. Some would reason that wind music is excessively different from classical due to being unceremonial. gritty. or excessively improvisational. Between 1920 and 1950 wind and classical music together made the most successful parts to music. â€Å"One genre basically has the ability to larn something from the other. and can make an even more bewitching sound. † Ratl iff ( p. 23 ) Many could challenge over the fact that a fledgling to wind might experience bewildered by its proliferation of manners and differing attacks to music-making. â€Å"Indeed. harmoniousnesss are more unresolved. phrases more irregular. speech patterns crisp. and pacing are more varied. but that is what makes it so beautiful. Its insouciant nature is evidenced by the inoffensiveness of incorrect notes being plated. by vocalists taking breath sometimes without relation to wordss. and instrumentalists being introduced right in the center of a performance† Ratliff ( p. 72 ) . Classical music on the other manus can on occasion trip a thorough geographic expedition of ego and head. It may do a individual to look at their failures in life. A sudden realisation of ego can be utmost or painful. Not everyone enjoys classical music. In the UK. classical music is used to drive groups of young persons off from topographic points they congregate in. Jazz music is a beautiful improvisational a rt doing itself up as it goes along merely like the state that gave it birth. and with each pat of the pes. wind instrumentalists reaffirm their connexion to the Earth. Jazz waxes and ebbs between tenseness and rest. It challenges the instrumentalist with capriciousness and so honoring the hearer with predictable beat. â€Å"Jazz wagess single look but demands altruistic coaction. † Ward ( p. 1 ) . Listening to wind is non merely a satisfying and honoring experience ; surveies show that it is really good for a musician’s wellness. Listening to wind or playing wind tunes can alleviate chronic hurting and megrims. cut down blood force per unit area. speed up post-stroke recovery. better memory. hike unsusceptibility and bring on relaxation. 2 Jazz music helps distract people. It gives persons a sense of control and besides releases endorphins into their organic structures that alleviate hurting. There is a really contextual argument that classical music is superior due to the fact it can let go of Dopastat during expectancy and experience of peak emotion to music. It conveys really good what the composer puts into it. and although classical music does trip pleasance and reward-related parts of the encephalon making a high. playing extremely pitched stimulating music for long periods is non healthy because it leads to cortisol and noradrenalin secernment without the attendant battle or flight action. Long term overdose with those endocrines is good documented to make many wellness jobs. from depression to sexual disfunction. The current market portion of Jazz in America is mere 3 per centum. but wind is still regarded as a really powerful music which is in the blood and feeling of the American people more than any other manner of music. It can be made the footing of serious symphonic plants of enduring value in the custodies of a talented composer. â€Å"Jazz music has ever been and everlastingly will be cardinal in the development of future musicians† Cook ( p. 65 ) . Glossary Bebop: the manner of wind developed by immature participants in the early 40s. peculiarly Parker. Gillespie. Kenny Clarke. Charlie Christian and Bud Powell. Small groups were favored. and simple criterion melodies or merely their chord patterned advances were used as springboards for rapid. many-noted improvisations utilizing long. guerrilla. syncopated phrasing. Improv was based on chordal harmoniousness instead than the melody. The ‘higher intervals’ of the chords ( 9th. 11th and 13th ) were emphasized in improv and in piano chord voicings. and changes were used more freely than earlier. particularly the augmented 11th. The land round was moved from the bass membranophone to the drive cymbal and the twine bass. and the rhythmic feel is more streamlined and elusive than earlier. Instrumental virtuosity was stressed. while tone quality became more reticent. less evidently ‘expressive’ . The manner cast a really long shadow and many of today’s particip ants 60 old ages subsequently could be reasonably described as bebop. Bluess: ( 1 ) A signifier usually dwelling of 12 bars. remaining in one key and traveling to IV at saloon 5. ( 2 ) A melodious manner. with typical associated harmoniousnesss. utilizing certain ‘blues scales’ . Riffs and grace notes. ( 3 ) A musical genre. hereditary to wind and portion of it. ( 4 ) A feeling that is said to inform all of wind. Boogie ( boogie-woogie ) : a manner of piano playing really popular in the mid-thirtiess. Bluess. with uninterrupted repeated 8th note forms in the left manus and exciting but frequently stereotyped blues Riffs and figures in the right manus. Meter: A key-establishing chord patterned advance. by and large following the circle of fifths. A turnaround is one illustration of a meter. Sometimes a whole subdivision of a melody can be an drawn-out meter. In understanding the harmonic construction of a melody. it’s of import to see which chords are connected to which others in meters. Free Wind: a manner of the early and in-between 1960ss. affecting ‘free’ playing and a fierce affect. It was originally associated with black cultural patriotism. Sometimes two drummers and/or two bass participants were used. Some free wind was profound. and some non really good. Some who played it subsequently denounced it. but the manner became an ingredient in future manners and still has many advocates despite its deficiency of general popularity. Groove: an infective feeling of rightness in the beat. of being absolutely centered. This is a hard term to specify. A Medium Groove is a pacing of. state. 112. with a slinky or funky feeling. Improvisation ( improv ) : the procedure of spontaneously making fresh tunes over the continuously repeating rhythm of chord alterations of a melody. The improviser may depend on the contours of the original melody. or entirely on the possibilities of the chords’ harmoniousnesss. or ( like Ornette Coleman ) on a footing of pure tune. The ‘improv’ besides refers to the improvisational subdivision of the melody. as opposed to the caput. Inner voice: a melodious line. no affair how fragmental. lying between the bass and the tune. Interlude: an extra subdivision in a melody. particularly one between one person’s solo and another’s. The Dizzy Gillespie standard A Night In Tunisia has a celebrated interlude. Jazz Standard: A well-known melody by a wind instrumentalist. See Standard. Latin: ( 1 ) Afro-Cuban. Brazilian or other South American-derived. There are many particular footings used in Latin music and I haven’t tried to include them here. ( 2 ) Played with equal 8th notes as opposed to swung ( see swing def. 2 ) . Besides ‘straight-8? . The feel of bossa novas and obeche. Form: a pre-planned melodious figure. repeated at different pitch degrees. Something played automatically by the fingers without much idea. Reliance on forms is the trademark of a weak participant. Mentions: Berliner. Thinking in Jazz. University of Chicago. 1994 Carr. Ian. Jazz the Essential Companion. Prentice Hall Press. 1987 Cook. Richard. The Penguin Guide to Jazz. Penguin Books. 2004 Gioia. Ted. The History of Jazz. Oxford University Press. 1997 Ward. Geoffrey. Jazz a History of America’s Music. Random House. 2000 5

The Best SAT Online Practice Tests and Questions

The Best SAT Online Practice Tests and Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Good preparation is key to feeling confident and scoring well on the SAT, and the good news is that you have access to tons of SAT study resources right on your laptop or smartphone!There are lots of online SAT practice tests and quizzes available, but it can be tough figuring out which are the best to use. Because of that, we’ve created a guide that compiles all the best online SAT practice materials, from official practice tests to targeted quizzes and websites designed to help you understand tricky concepts the SAT tests. And, best of all, all of these resources are free!After reading this guide, you’ll know which online SAT practice materials to use and the best way to use them to get a top score, so let’s get started! What to Look For in the Best Online SAT Practice Tests There are lots of online SAT practice tests out there, and some of them can be very helpful for your SAT preparation. What are the main benefits of SAT practice online? Convenient to use: You can study any time you have your laptop or phone nearby! Lots of resources available: The internetis endless. Easy access to lots of official resources: Multiple official practice tests (which we discussbelow) are availablefor free online. However, online SAT tests aren’t always a perfect study tool. Below are some of their major drawbacks. Quality can vary widely: Not every site is an amazing SAT resource. We discuss this throughout the guide so you know what to expect. Some materials are out-of-date:The SAT underwent significant revisions in 2016, and not all online practice resources have stayed current.(We make note of where this occurs in the resources we mention in this guide.) Don't provide a completely realistic test-taking experience:You’ll be taking the real SAT with paper and pencil, not on the computer, so there may be differences in how quickly you go through the questions. So, how can you be sure you’re using high-quality online SAT practice tests that will actually help you raise your score? We’ve compiled a list of the best online SAT resources in this guide, and at the end we explain how to get the most out of them. For now, here’s a list of the key factors the best online SAT practice tests have. High-quality practice questions: It's essential to have questions similar in content and wording to the real SAT so you know whatto prepare for. In-depth answer explanations: If you don't understand why you got a question wrong, it can be hard to learn from your mistakes. Similar format to the real SAT: This helps you be better prepared for the SAT come test day. Official Online SAT Practice Tests The bestSAT practice tests online are the official ones, since you can be sure they are an accurate representation of what the real SAT will be like. Up-to-Date SAT Practice Tests (out of 1600) There are currently seven official practice tests for the Redesigned SAT which, as of February 2016, is the current version of the SAT.These are the absolute best tests to use when studying for the SAT since they match the format and content of the exam. They also include good answer explanations to help you understand why you answered certain questions incorrectly. These should be your #1 resource to use when you need to take a full-length practice test. See the final section of this guide for tips on how to best use these tests. Practice Test 1: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 6: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 7: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Older Practice Tests There are also older official SAT practice tests that you can use. These free online SAT practice tests have some differences in format and content compared to the current SAT, and since they are out-of-date in some areas, use these only if you know you’ll use all seven of the current official practice tests and still want more study materials. These tests follow the old 2400 format of the SAT, with separate reading, math, and writing sections. This test had its last administration in January 2016. It’s important to knowthe major changes between the Old and New SAT. Keep these points in mind: The structure and timing of these SAT online practice tests are different than the current SAT. The current SAT has only four sections and doesn't skip around subjects like the old SAT did. The Reading sections in the current and old SATS are quite similar, so in these old SAT tests, the passages and questions are all useful to practice on. Writing in the current version of the SAT tests similar grammar skills, but it's tested in a very different passage-based format. Use these old SAT tests to practice your SAT grammar rules. Math questions are similar in format, but the current SAT emphasizes algebra and de-emphasizes geometry. Use these old SAT tests as math practice, but focus on the skills that the current SAT tests (primarily algebra). Official SAT Practice Test 2013-14 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2012-2013 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2007-2008 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2005 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Khan Academy In addition to full-length official practice tests, the College Board has also teamed up with Khan Academy to offer numerous official SAT practice questions and resources.Under its SAT Resources, Khan Academy offers practice quizzes, tests, individual questions, and videos that walk you step-by-step through how to answer different types of questions. You’ll need to set up a free account to access these resources, and your progress will be tracked over time. Khan Academy can be a great resource to use if you’re struggling with understanding how to answer certain SAT questions or want to strengthen some skill areas before you take full-length practice tests. Their videos break concepts down to help you understand exactly how to solve different types of questions you may not know how to answer.You can learn more about these resources by checking out our guide on how to get the most out of Khan Academy’s SAT resources. The Best Unofficial SAT Online Practice Tests Unofficial SAT online practice tests can be a bit riskier to use since there’s no guarantee of quality like there is with official practice tests. Because of this, and because so many people have tried their hand at making practice SAT questions to entice visitors to their web page, the quality of unofficial resources can vary widely, from near-official level of quality to barely related to the real SAT. To make things easier for you, we’ve sorted through the options and found the highest quality unofficial online SAT practice tests. Official materials should still be your main source of SAT practice, but these unofficial resources can be useful if you run out of official practice questions or if you want to focus on a specific topic and not go through an entire practice SAT. Ivy Global Ivy Global has a PDF of a complete practice SAT. It has the same format and question types as the current SAT, which makes it the best unofficial SAT practice onlinesince many otherpractice SATs aren’t as long and don't match the format of the current test. An answer key is also included, but there are no answer explanations. This is a good resource to use after you’ve already completed at least a few official practice tests and are looking for another full-length SAT to take. By then you’ll have a good idea of what high-quality practice tests look like, and you’ll have a better chance of understanding the mistakes you made without needing answer explanations. MajorTests.com This site has 24 Math practice tests, 24 Critical Reading practice tests, 11 Writing practice tests, and a list of the 1000 most important vocab words to know.The quizzes are pretty short (about ten questions) and organized into specific categories. There are also good answer explanations for the questions you answered incorrectly. However, it hasn't been updated to reflect the 2016 SAT revisions, and because the quizzes are so short, you won't practice learning how you handle a long test (like the SAT). Use this resource either when you don’t have enough time to take a full practice test or when you want to focus specifically on improving a certain skill, like problem-solving questions or reading comprehension. The short, targeted quizzes make it easier to focus on a specific topic. CrackedSAT.net This site includes numerous practice quizzes as well as free official practice tests of the old SAT that you can download as pdfs of both practice tests. The online quizzes (organized into categories to make finding the topic you want easier) are automatically graded. For the official practice test pdfs, answer keys are included, but there is no automatic grading, so you’ll need to grade these tests yourself. This is a decent resource if you’d like to take official SATs with pencil and paper (the way you will on test day) and if you’re looking for more short, targeted practice quizzes. Varsity Tutors This site has numerous SAT quizzes, organized into Math, Critical Reading, and Writing categories. However, Varsity Tutors isn’t as high-quality as the other resources listed because the practice questions sometimes aren’t that close to that you’ll see on the actual SATand because the site hasn't been updated to reflect the 2016 changes to the SAT. I’d recommend only using this as a study tool if you’ve already gone through all the above resources and still want some more practice. Other Online SAT Practice Resources The sites below focus more on teaching you the material you need to know for the SAT and how to understand different concepts tested by the exam instead of only including practice questions. These are good resources if you’re trying to strengthen your skill areas before diving into a lot of practice problems. The first two sites haven'tbeen completely updated to reflect the new SAT changes from 2016, so not everything they mention is up-to-date. Keep that in mind if you use them, and we’ve included some notes on each of them to help youuse them more effectively. Erik the Red If you need to brush up on your SAT math skills, this is a helpful site to use. This website lets you download pdfs with math facts, formulas, strategies, and math-related vocab.However, the math resources have remained unchanged since the old SAT, so they don't reflect the recent changes in format, question type, and skills tested. Despite this, the SAT tests many of the same concepts, particularly in algebra, so you can still get a lot from these sites. If you use this site, focus mainly on the algebra resources, and less on geometry, since there will only be a few geometry questions on the SAT. Erica Meltzer's The Critical Reader This site is useful for preparing for the Reading, Writing, and essay sections of the SAT. She doesn't offer a ton of information yet for the current SAT, and some of her SAT Reading tips have been merged with ACT Reading since the tests have become so similar. Still, she has some useful posts and will most likely to continue to add to them over the year. You can explore her blog for more tips on the verbal sections. The posts are engaging, but they leave it up to you to seek out examples and sample questions to try out her advice. PrepScholar Our blog also has a ton of great resources for everything you need to know about preparing for and taking the SAT. Our guides are completely up-to-date with the recent SAT changes, and they cover everything from creating a study plan, setting an SAT score goal, tackling the trickiest questions on the SAT, choosing the best test date, and more.Some of our most popular guides include: What Is a Good SAT Score? How to Get a Perfect SAT Score The Expert Guide to the New SAT Tips for Using Online SAT Practice Materials Now that you know where to find the best online SAT practice tests, follow the three tips below to get the most out of these resources. Take Full-Length Practice Tests Under Realistic Conditions You should aim to take full-length practice tests (especially the up-to-date official ones) in one sitting with accurate timing and realistic testing conditions. This means you’ll need to block out about four hours of time, so be sure to plan ahead for that. Taking practice tests under realistic testing conditions means your practice scores will be more accurate, so you’ll have a better idea of how well you’re scoring, how much you’ve improved, and which areas you still need to work on. Review Your Mistakes After every practice test or quiz you take, you should go through the answers you got wrong and review them until you understand what you did wrong and how to get the correct answer. This can take some time, but taking practice tests will only help you raise your score if you learn from your mistakes, so don’t skip this step! If you’re feeling burned out, take a break between finishing a test and reviewing your answers, but make sure to complete both steps. Alternate Between Different Study Resources There are lots of resources listed in this guide, from full-length practice SATs to short quizzes with only a few questions on a specific topic.Be sure to alternate among the different materials and use the resource that works best for each individual study session. For example, if you’re short on time or not on your A-game for studying, take a quiz or shorter practice test. You should reserve full-length practice tests (especially the official ones) for when you can set aside a few hours at a time and really concentrate on the test. Alternating between different resources can also keep your studying from becoming routine and monotonous and help keep your motivation up. Conclusion There are many SAT online practice materials, such as official practice tests, quizzes focused on specific topics, and sites to help you boost your knowledge of the skills the SAT tests.Using high-quality SAT practice tests onlinecan help prepare you for the SAT and score higher on test day. In order to get the most out of online SAT practice resources, you should follow these three guidelines: Take full-length practice tests under realistic conditions Review your mistakes Alternate between different study resources By getting in a lot of SAT online practice, you can be well-prepared and confident on test day! What's Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is? Learn how to set a score goal based on the schools you want to get into. Thinking about using Khan Academy for SAT prep?Khan Academy can be a great resource if you know how to use it correctly. Read our guide to learn how to make the best use of Khan Academy! Want to learn more about the new SAT? We have a complete guide to the revised SATthat goes over exactly what changed, what stayed the same, and how it affects you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Amazing Paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amazing Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Amazing Paintings" talks about the term golden and describes the main figures regarding the golden selection like a pentagram, golden rhombus, a golden ration and rhombic triacontahedron. The Golden ratio is denoted by Ã'„ (â€Å"phi†) which were first used by Mark Barri in the beginning of the 20th century in the remembrance of the Greek Sculptor Phidias, who was claimed by a number of historians who made extensive use of the golden ratio in his work. Philosopher Heinrich Agrippa a German magician came up with a drawing of a man over a pentagram in the 16th century inside a circle which denoted a relationship to the golden ratio. An Italian artistLeonardo da Vinci at around 1466- 1476 gave an illustration of polyhedra on the divine quantity and his views of bodily quantities to display the golden ratio which made some scholars speculate. Mondrian also used the golden sections in his geometrical paintings widely. Vitruvian Man is a drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490. Salvador Dali, Spanish nationalist swans reflecting elephant in1937. Piet Mondrian major painting works were Museum of Modern, Art in New York City and Post-impressionist work in 1908. He was a Dutch nationality. Mondrian who was born in Amersfoort, Netherlands, was introduced to an art by his father at the tender age he used to draw and paint along the River Gain. The four outlined lengths are in terms of the golden ratio which is used in illustrating the el egant and mathematical nature of pentagram.

Ives-Alain Bois on Matisse Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ives-Alain Bois on Matisse - Term Paper Example The paper "Ives-Alain Bois on Matisse" analyzes Yves-Alain Bois essay On Matisse. Firstly, time’s density becomes to disappear as a singular unity within Matisse own pictorial system. Each from these paintings has its own dispersed time in its own world, he has its own understanding of temporality depicted, and each of beholders must be aware of their own time’s â€Å"persistence.† Similar to an ambivalent visibility of his works, time of his works disappear, constructing its temporality of a higher order, impersonal and spiritual – †¦like a â€Å"good armchair.† Then, composition itself must be treated as one of the most inevitable factors, with its Arabian abstract ornament, but circulating patterns. Matisse transferred its role to an invisible object of total presence, supported by his status quo understanding of means of art. However, second layer have to obtain depth and plural emotionality, with its completely non-imitating naturalism of spiritual order. My pictorial space was being completely eternalized. Avoiding a fixation of natural image in its faster passing by, Matisse’s art belongs not to â€Å"easel† painting, but to â€Å"memory† painting. Trying to achieve better and long-term fixations, artist focused himself on â€Å"pictorial fields of irresistible meanings,† which could be considered as being persuasive enough for both beholders and creator. Color and light will be presented in our focus a bit further; however, we should state that Matisse’s colors have a powerful compositional impact.... m fixations, artist focused himself on â€Å"pictorial fields of irresistible meanings,† which could be considered as being persuasive enough for both beholders and creator. Moreover, color and light will be presented in our focus a bit further; however, we should state that Matisse’s colors have a powerful compositional impact, created accordance or cordial of visual forms. Colors are pretended to be treated as the conditions in which visual code of lines can be perceived by the spectators, so colors as a container for both semantic parallels and compositional importance. Finally, circulation, expansion, and tension regarded by the author as visible functions in Matisse’s creativity. Factually, circulation may be understood as a compositional unity with that turnabout character of its movement; then, expansion marks a constant intention of the spatial expanding in Matisse’s early paintings, which used to be presented mainly without â€Å"holes;† te nsion is a â€Å"corporeal density,† which Matisse avoided lately, it can be understood through an imperative of sensitive expressions instead of peripheral incorporating of the beholder in terms of his late theories of art. Visual devices and strategies: producing effects Supposedly, being influenced by such optical strategies as those discussed previously, spectators can feel themselves â€Å"discharged† from not only singular forms of time and space, but from dictatorship of visibility itself, due to Matisse concerns on at least two-fold nature of each artistic gesture. Painting itself constructs an overall effect, being an instrument for the deconstruction, insisting not on its visibility, but rather non-visible order of eternal noumenas. His friends were used to discuss his works as sunlight imitations, colorful, pure

Sears Goes Swingy for Tweens and Teens Term Paper

Sears Goes Swingy for Tweens and Teens - Term Paper Example A balanced market price was formed as a result of the implementation of the various strategies into use. Sears has invented diverse strategies to control shopping tendencies. It included rewards and grants into its system. It created a self image through various strategies, like the use of social net, leading to dynamic relationships within the society through partnership with other companies. Sears is an example of the firm that incorporates successful marketing activities into its operation. The company is working towards becoming an investment boulevard because of the high level of retail target it makes compared to other retail stores. Introduction Consumer behavior is an issue of concern amongst consumers and relevant authorities. Sears is the company that is constantly changing its advertising techniques to gratify the requirements of clients. The company targeted markets are teens, and the promotion systems the company uses are online and social network scenes. These technique s create awareness of the needed products that the firm offers to its targeted clients. This unit examines the images, commodities, and the marketing strategies used by Sears in the achievement of its objectives. 1 The image of the company immensely determines how a business is perceived amongst various concerned stakeholders. Stakeholders of a company comprise of individuals contributing the start-up capital, the purchasers of end products, and individuals affected by the company’s actions. Company’s image is what attracts clients to choose a business over other existing businesses providing the same products or services. â€Å"Do not Just Go Back. Arrive,† Arrive Lounge is an attractive site commonly associated with the teens. Sears had noticed a decrease in the purchasing trends of the products it produces, therefore, having invented the strategy â€Å"Don’t just Go Back. Arrive, â€Å"to help in augmenting the sales of its products by enticing the c lients to purchase from their departmental stores (Nickels, 1980). The partnership between Sears and social networking cites was aimed at improving the company’s image and increasing product sales of the company. Social network scenes serve as effective channels for reaching targeted markets in scenarios where the targeted market is composed of teens and tweens. The scenes also serve as interactive forums where a significant number of teenagers spend their time searching for new information or interacting with friends online. The choice by Sears to reach its targeted market via the social network scenes is of immense benefit to the company because it easily identifies with the client’s needs. The identification with the clients creates for the company an upstanding image leading to the development of brand loyalty by consumers (Hadden & Luce, 1923). 2 Sears offers diverse fashionable clothes to clients and to the wider targeted market. Consumer behavior in the purchase of the clothes is different amongst clients because of demographic features present in the society. Families prefer shopping for Sears’ clothes to other clothes produced by other companies. This because it offers descent clothes like maternity clothes that are relatively affordable and are designed according to an individual’s taste. Secondly, the company presents a range of clothes to Christmas shoppers. Families round the globe highly uphold festivities period, and Sears provides clothing solutions during these periods. The designs for

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity Obesity has been a growing worldwide problem for the past three decades, especially in European countries and the United States of America. Between 1980 and 2004, the prevalence of obesity in Europe and the USA doubled, from 15% to 32%. At the moment in Britain, most adults are overweight and one-third of all Americans are obese (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). All over the world, one billion adults are overweight, 300 million are obese and 17.6 million children under five are considered to be too heavy for their age and height (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). A person is classified as obese when his or her BMI is 30 or more. The Body Mass Index, a measure of body composition, is calculated by taking a ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared. The higher the outcome, the more overweight a person is. In contrast, a healthy person is classified with a BMI within the range of 20-25 and someone with a BMI of 25-30 is classified as overweight (Leicester Windmeijer, 2007). Why is obesity such a problem? In the first place, it is because obesity is a key determinant for many chronic conditions and it is considered to shorten life expectancy to a remarkable degree. Our changing dietary habits are leading to chronic diseases, which makes obesity a social problem. Chronic conditions which are influenced by obesity are high blood pressure (hypertension), type-2 diabetes, heart and lung diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and several types of cancer (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). It is expected that the number of afflicted diabetic people will double the upcoming years. By 2025, in developed countries, 370 million people will be diabetic and 75% of all global death rates will result from heart diseases (Lavrance, 2009). Secondly, overweight causes not only somatic, but mental problems as well. According to Gregory et al., (2006) it has been linked to other mental health problems such as depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Data from this study also suggests an association between obesity and low self-esteem, feelings of shame and guilt and feelings of inadequacy. Therefore, obese people are at increased risk for social isolation. It is reasonable to believe that obese people are targets of teasing and verbal abuse and that these people suffer from discrimination, for instance in workplaces (Gregory et al., 2006). Furthermore, obesity is an economic problem. Among developed countries, obesity accounts for 2-6% of the total health care costs (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). In the United States of America, the costs of obesity nowadays amount to at least 117 billion dollars each year. These costs are borne by governments, health care organizations and insurance companies. These data represent only direct medical costs, such as health care services related to obesity, including surgery, medication and treatment of complications (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In addition, as a result of loss of productivity and income losses due to morbidity and mortality, true costs are believed to be much higher. There are also indirect related costs, including chronic diseases associated with obesity and costs due to exercise programs and dietary modifications. These indirect and related costs are borne by employers and the obese individuals themselves (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In conclusion, in all European countries, overweight and obesity are major health problems. They are risk factors for social, personal and economic problems as well. It is believed that this growing trend of obesity is likely to continue. An instrument that is believed to stop this growing trend and reduce overweight and obesity and the consequences named above, is a fax tax. A fat tax is based on the assumption that when the price of goods goes up, consumption of that good lowers. The idea of a fat tax has been supported by several public health organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization) and governments in various countries (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). According to Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009), bringing in a fat tax can be done in two ways: 1) by taxing foods according to the percentage of fat they contain and 2) by taxing foods that are fattening and unhealthy, mainly junk or fast food (e.g., French fries, snacks, pizzas and soft drinks (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). However, only a few papers have addressed the influence of a fat tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight. The question arises if a tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight, called a fat tax, could stop this trend? Or does it only affect specific groups in society? This essay analyses the effects of using a fat tax in Europe and the USA as an economic instrument to reduce overweight and obesity. It is hypothesized that a fat tax would not reduce obesity or stop the growing trend. A tax for fat people: The study of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009) shows that current medical costs as a result from obesity rival the costs that are attributable to smoking. Is it time to bring in fat taxes on food and drinks, to improve the health of the population? Lavrance (2009) suggests that a fat tax is more effective than public health campaigns which are used nowadays. In his opinion, cigarette consumption has reduced over the past ten years as a direct consequence of raised tobacco taxes. Another argument Lavrance (2009) comes up with, is that a fat tax would probably help to redevelop the budgets in health care in the same way the tobacco taxes have been doing. But does the tobacco tax really work that well? Each year, five million people are still dying as a result from smoking tobacco, particularly people who are used to live in low and middle income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). Furthermore, while drinking alcohol is becoming more and more expensive, the consuming alcohol rate is roughly the same or higher than a few years ago in European countries. These counter-arguments are show that such social problems are too complex to simply state that a tax is the most effective and efficient way to improve health in society. Another point of view is that the implementation of a fat tax, in contrast to taxes on tobacco and alcohol, is not as easy as it seems to be. Fats can be classified as saturated and unsaturated. Not all fats are the same. We can conclude that different types of fat have different effects on peoples health. To exemplify, butter contains unsaturated fats that increases the level of good cholesterol. In contrast, some dairy products such as cheese, may contain high levels of saturated fats, which increases the levels of bad cholesterol (Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff, 2007). This makes it hard to decide which products must be taken into account for a fat tax. In other words, who would decide what is fat and what is unhealthy. Obesity as a society problem: Another argument for bringing in the tax, is the fact that an unhealthy lifestyle of one citizen, including fat eating and minimal exercise, imposes economic burdens on the rest of society, for example tax-payers or employers (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). Leicester Windmeijer (2007) believe that a fat tax can be used to influence individuals choices in a way to bring the outcome closer to the socially desirable standard. A specific tax on foods that contain too much fat aims to discourage unhealthy diets for people who could not, or would not, make that choice by their own. Some people in society already accepted that people who are too overweight to fit in one seat of an airplane, should have to pay more for the same flight, so it stands to reason that these people must pay for consequences in society too. Mann (2008), however, is wondering if there is any possibility that the social costs of obesity are not as high as one might think. In addition, a closer look at the health care costs show that there are also positive social effects of obesity. Overweight and obese people die earlier than people of normal weight and therefore are shorter dependent on health services. If a fat tax changes the unhealthy lifestyle of obese people into a healthy lifestyle, it will probably have an impact on society. Presumably, these people would live longer, which makes them in their elderly days more dependent on health services. More important, what about people that are underweight, such as anorexics, and therefore need medical help? In contrast, there are obese people who never use medical care in their life. Besides that, what about all other groups in society who impose economic burdens on the rest of society? After asking ourselves these questions, we see that there are also some discriminatory issues in the case of implementing a fat tax. On the other hand, if we tax something that is unhealthy, preventing more people from buying it, it could lead to more than one positive effect. A side effect would possibly be that food producers will make their products significant healthier, which is an advantage for the whole society. Nevertheless, if these food producers are punished because their popular fat products are labeled as unhealthy or fat, this can also lead to loss of jobs and unemployment at these corporations as a result of less income. Above all, a tax on fat foods or products will also affect people who already have a healthy lifestyle. Everybody will be taxed in the same way, so the whole society including the poor, elderly or people that need to eat extra calories sometimes are paying more for these products, not only obese or overweight people. More than a rational choice: The idea of a fat tax enjoys growing support by the World Health Organization, governments, in public health services and in insurance companies. A study of Schroeter, Lusk Tyner (2007) utilizes a microeconomic model to investigate the impact of price changes on body weight. This study shows us that when a consumer has to make a choice between two complementary products, a high- and a low- calorie food, a tax on high-calorie food leads to weight decrease. Several other models are suggesting that a small tax lowers intake of fat in such a way that is profitable for the modern society. In contrast, experimental research data from Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff (2007) suggests that a 50 percent tax lowers a fat intake by 3 percent. They used a supermarket scanner data to estimate the effects of taxing the fat content in food products on different demographic groups. Their conclusion is, that elderly and poor suffer the most from welfare losses. For example, a family earning 20.000 dollar a year or a household containing only seniors, suffers nearly twice the welfare loss of a family earning 100.000 dollar a year or consumers who are younger than thirty. Also, the paper of Schmidhuber (2004), which analyzed currently discussed policy options to reduce body weight, shows us that almost all price interventions are likely to be efficient, but only for poor and elderly consumers. Obese and overweight people are the least responsive to increasing food prices and therefore will not alter their consumption pattern. The paper of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2008) addresses the fat tax within a food-intake rational-choice model. The results suggest that for a non-weight conscious individual a fat tax will undoubtedly reduce obesity. More important, the results show that for a weight-conscious individual, especially when this person is physically active, a fat tax may increase overweight. This is because the weight-conscious individual will cook more at home with healthy ingredients and will become less physical active, as a result of the reduced time due to the time spend on cooking (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2008). Besides all named above, there are more factors that influence individuals choices and development. How individuals become obese depends on individual considerations, based on the information one has about side effects of obesity, the amount of this information, considerations about costs and about the benefits (Mann, 2008). Environmental factors are also important in the development of overweight and obesity, such as the family or environment in which a child is growing up and the place of work. Besides that, there is also an genetic component involved in the development of obese, which raises the question if we could punish people for that fact.

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity

Time For A Fat Tax: Obesity Obesity has been a growing worldwide problem for the past three decades, especially in European countries and the United States of America. Between 1980 and 2004, the prevalence of obesity in Europe and the USA doubled, from 15% to 32%. At the moment in Britain, most adults are overweight and one-third of all Americans are obese (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). All over the world, one billion adults are overweight, 300 million are obese and 17.6 million children under five are considered to be too heavy for their age and height (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). A person is classified as obese when his or her BMI is 30 or more. The Body Mass Index, a measure of body composition, is calculated by taking a ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared. The higher the outcome, the more overweight a person is. In contrast, a healthy person is classified with a BMI within the range of 20-25 and someone with a BMI of 25-30 is classified as overweight (Leicester Windmeijer, 2007). Why is obesity such a problem? In the first place, it is because obesity is a key determinant for many chronic conditions and it is considered to shorten life expectancy to a remarkable degree. Our changing dietary habits are leading to chronic diseases, which makes obesity a social problem. Chronic conditions which are influenced by obesity are high blood pressure (hypertension), type-2 diabetes, heart and lung diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and several types of cancer (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). It is expected that the number of afflicted diabetic people will double the upcoming years. By 2025, in developed countries, 370 million people will be diabetic and 75% of all global death rates will result from heart diseases (Lavrance, 2009). Secondly, overweight causes not only somatic, but mental problems as well. According to Gregory et al., (2006) it has been linked to other mental health problems such as depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Data from this study also suggests an association between obesity and low self-esteem, feelings of shame and guilt and feelings of inadequacy. Therefore, obese people are at increased risk for social isolation. It is reasonable to believe that obese people are targets of teasing and verbal abuse and that these people suffer from discrimination, for instance in workplaces (Gregory et al., 2006). Furthermore, obesity is an economic problem. Among developed countries, obesity accounts for 2-6% of the total health care costs (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). In the United States of America, the costs of obesity nowadays amount to at least 117 billion dollars each year. These costs are borne by governments, health care organizations and insurance companies. These data represent only direct medical costs, such as health care services related to obesity, including surgery, medication and treatment of complications (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In addition, as a result of loss of productivity and income losses due to morbidity and mortality, true costs are believed to be much higher. There are also indirect related costs, including chronic diseases associated with obesity and costs due to exercise programs and dietary modifications. These indirect and related costs are borne by employers and the obese individuals themselves (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). In conclusion, in all European countries, overweight and obesity are major health problems. They are risk factors for social, personal and economic problems as well. It is believed that this growing trend of obesity is likely to continue. An instrument that is believed to stop this growing trend and reduce overweight and obesity and the consequences named above, is a fax tax. A fat tax is based on the assumption that when the price of goods goes up, consumption of that good lowers. The idea of a fat tax has been supported by several public health organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization) and governments in various countries (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). According to Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009), bringing in a fat tax can be done in two ways: 1) by taxing foods according to the percentage of fat they contain and 2) by taxing foods that are fattening and unhealthy, mainly junk or fast food (e.g., French fries, snacks, pizzas and soft drinks (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2009). However, only a few papers have addressed the influence of a fat tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight. The question arises if a tax on specific food and drinks that cause overweight, called a fat tax, could stop this trend? Or does it only affect specific groups in society? This essay analyses the effects of using a fat tax in Europe and the USA as an economic instrument to reduce overweight and obesity. It is hypothesized that a fat tax would not reduce obesity or stop the growing trend. A tax for fat people: The study of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2009) shows that current medical costs as a result from obesity rival the costs that are attributable to smoking. Is it time to bring in fat taxes on food and drinks, to improve the health of the population? Lavrance (2009) suggests that a fat tax is more effective than public health campaigns which are used nowadays. In his opinion, cigarette consumption has reduced over the past ten years as a direct consequence of raised tobacco taxes. Another argument Lavrance (2009) comes up with, is that a fat tax would probably help to redevelop the budgets in health care in the same way the tobacco taxes have been doing. But does the tobacco tax really work that well? Each year, five million people are still dying as a result from smoking tobacco, particularly people who are used to live in low and middle income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). Furthermore, while drinking alcohol is becoming more and more expensive, the consuming alcohol rate is roughly the same or higher than a few years ago in European countries. These counter-arguments are show that such social problems are too complex to simply state that a tax is the most effective and efficient way to improve health in society. Another point of view is that the implementation of a fat tax, in contrast to taxes on tobacco and alcohol, is not as easy as it seems to be. Fats can be classified as saturated and unsaturated. Not all fats are the same. We can conclude that different types of fat have different effects on peoples health. To exemplify, butter contains unsaturated fats that increases the level of good cholesterol. In contrast, some dairy products such as cheese, may contain high levels of saturated fats, which increases the levels of bad cholesterol (Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff, 2007). This makes it hard to decide which products must be taken into account for a fat tax. In other words, who would decide what is fat and what is unhealthy. Obesity as a society problem: Another argument for bringing in the tax, is the fact that an unhealthy lifestyle of one citizen, including fat eating and minimal exercise, imposes economic burdens on the rest of society, for example tax-payers or employers (Smed, Jensen Denver, 2007). Leicester Windmeijer (2007) believe that a fat tax can be used to influence individuals choices in a way to bring the outcome closer to the socially desirable standard. A specific tax on foods that contain too much fat aims to discourage unhealthy diets for people who could not, or would not, make that choice by their own. Some people in society already accepted that people who are too overweight to fit in one seat of an airplane, should have to pay more for the same flight, so it stands to reason that these people must pay for consequences in society too. Mann (2008), however, is wondering if there is any possibility that the social costs of obesity are not as high as one might think. In addition, a closer look at the health care costs show that there are also positive social effects of obesity. Overweight and obese people die earlier than people of normal weight and therefore are shorter dependent on health services. If a fat tax changes the unhealthy lifestyle of obese people into a healthy lifestyle, it will probably have an impact on society. Presumably, these people would live longer, which makes them in their elderly days more dependent on health services. More important, what about people that are underweight, such as anorexics, and therefore need medical help? In contrast, there are obese people who never use medical care in their life. Besides that, what about all other groups in society who impose economic burdens on the rest of society? After asking ourselves these questions, we see that there are also some discriminatory issues in the case of implementing a fat tax. On the other hand, if we tax something that is unhealthy, preventing more people from buying it, it could lead to more than one positive effect. A side effect would possibly be that food producers will make their products significant healthier, which is an advantage for the whole society. Nevertheless, if these food producers are punished because their popular fat products are labeled as unhealthy or fat, this can also lead to loss of jobs and unemployment at these corporations as a result of less income. Above all, a tax on fat foods or products will also affect people who already have a healthy lifestyle. Everybody will be taxed in the same way, so the whole society including the poor, elderly or people that need to eat extra calories sometimes are paying more for these products, not only obese or overweight people. More than a rational choice: The idea of a fat tax enjoys growing support by the World Health Organization, governments, in public health services and in insurance companies. A study of Schroeter, Lusk Tyner (2007) utilizes a microeconomic model to investigate the impact of price changes on body weight. This study shows us that when a consumer has to make a choice between two complementary products, a high- and a low- calorie food, a tax on high-calorie food leads to weight decrease. Several other models are suggesting that a small tax lowers intake of fat in such a way that is profitable for the modern society. In contrast, experimental research data from Chouinard, Davis, LaFrance Perloff (2007) suggests that a 50 percent tax lowers a fat intake by 3 percent. They used a supermarket scanner data to estimate the effects of taxing the fat content in food products on different demographic groups. Their conclusion is, that elderly and poor suffer the most from welfare losses. For example, a family earning 20.000 dollar a year or a household containing only seniors, suffers nearly twice the welfare loss of a family earning 100.000 dollar a year or consumers who are younger than thirty. Also, the paper of Schmidhuber (2004), which analyzed currently discussed policy options to reduce body weight, shows us that almost all price interventions are likely to be efficient, but only for poor and elderly consumers. Obese and overweight people are the least responsive to increasing food prices and therefore will not alter their consumption pattern. The paper of Yaniv, Rosin Tobol (2008) addresses the fat tax within a food-intake rational-choice model. The results suggest that for a non-weight conscious individual a fat tax will undoubtedly reduce obesity. More important, the results show that for a weight-conscious individual, especially when this person is physically active, a fat tax may increase overweight. This is because the weight-conscious individual will cook more at home with healthy ingredients and will become less physical active, as a result of the reduced time due to the time spend on cooking (Yaniv, Rosin Tobol, 2008). Besides all named above, there are more factors that influence individuals choices and development. How individuals become obese depends on individual considerations, based on the information one has about side effects of obesity, the amount of this information, considerations about costs and about the benefits (Mann, 2008). Environmental factors are also important in the development of overweight and obesity, such as the family or environment in which a child is growing up and the place of work. Besides that, there is also an genetic component involved in the development of obese, which raises the question if we could punish people for that fact.

Gifted and Talented Education Research Paper -- essays papers

Gifted and Talented Education Research Paper It is important to understand the many different methods of educating gifted and talented students. Most people, whether as teachers, students, or parents, will at some point be faced with the many options of educating the gifted and talented. In the United States today, 3-5 percent of students are considered gifted. Defining whether or not a student is gifted can be quite difficult, but many would agree that gifted students â€Å"are able to learn material rapidly and understand concepts deeply† (Lynch, 1999). Within this paper I will discuss the process of identifying gifted and talented students and the different methods of educating them including tracking, grade advancement, and cooperative learning. Of these three methods I believe the most effective method used to teach gifted and talented students is tracking. One of the most controversial things about gifted and talented education is the criterion educators use to identify the gifted and talented. In the past, a student’s intelligence, based on an I.Q. score, was considered the best way to determine whether or not they qualified as gifted. As a result of using this method of identification, many gifted and talented students are not discovered nor are they placed in the appropriate programs to develop their abilities. Talents in the arts or an excellent ability to write are not measured on an I.Q. test but are abilities that may certainly qualify a student as gifted or talented. This method of identification is accused of being biased because it results in the identification of a group of people that is mostly white and upper middle class (Sternberg & Williams, 2002). This occurs because minorities often lack the c... ...delines for Acceleration (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.austega.com/gifted/acceleratoinguidelines.htm Lovecky, D. V. (1995). Highly Gifted Children and Peer Relationships. Counseling and Guidance Newsletter. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://print.ditd.org/floater=74.html. Mathews, M. (1992). Gifted Students Talk About Cooperative Learning. Educational Leadership, 50. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.ascd.org/readingroom/edlead/92101mathews.html. Author unkown (2003, March 9). In gifted classrooms is diversity lacking?. Salisbury Daily Times. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.dailytimesonline.com/new/stories/20030309/localnews/1142640.html Author unknown (2003, February 24). Schools seek gifted among minorities. The Washington Times. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://washingtontiems.com/metro/2003224-14635946.htm